graphic novel industry

graphic novel industry
keyword
Wolfenstein Graphic Novel Trailer #2 HD Teaser Trailer The s

How much is paid newcomer in comics / graphic novels industry?

It is based on how quickly they can produce work, talent (this is a hack information). I want to know the details. This is just for my knowledge. Thanks for your reply. I agree Darkblade, it is logical that the company you work with / for is important, and also a true story and art is what gives you more financial benefits, but I wanted a practical information – like 50-60 $ 1 per page for the newcomer, or if He is also a writer, etc. etc. (I posted some days ago that the two drawings of me, they were messed up because of my illness. so if someone finds them do not believe that's me)

Depends on the company you work for, if the comic is a hit or not. The more people who buy iy the more you're gonna get. Even action figures and things like that you get bonuses. Hope I helped

[source="tags"graphic novel industry[/mage]

Directing the Story: Professional Storytelling and Storyboarding Techniques for Live Action and Animation
$18.66
Francis Glebas, a top Disney storyboard artist, teaches artists a structural approach to clearly and dramatically presenting visual stories. They will learn classic visual storytelling techniques such as conveying meaning with images and directing the viewer's eye. Glebas also teaches how to spot potential problems before they cost time and money, and he offers creative solutions on how to solve t...

Leonard Maltin's Movie Crazy: For People Who Love Movies
$4.92
Leonard Maltin s reputation as one of the world s most popular authorities on the history of film is well known. Equally well known is his affection for the classic era of the movies. In his quarterly subscription-only newsletter Leonard Maltin s Movie Crazy, Maltin through personal remembrances as well as first-hand interviews with the actors, writers, directors, and performers of the Golden Age ...

Becoming Batman: The Possibility of a Superhero
$15.15
Battling bad guys. High-tech hideouts. The gratitude of the masses. Who at some point in their life hasn't dreamed of being a superhero? Impossible, right? Or is it?Possessing no supernatural powers, Batman is the most realistic of all the superheroes. His feats are achieved through rigorous training and mental discipline, and with the aid of fantastic gadgets. Drawing on his training as a neurosc...

The Graphic Novel
$20.85
The Graphic Novel

In Graphic Novel
$9.88
In Graphic Novel

The Making of a Graphic Novel
$15.98
? Author is an established industry insider and a master graphic storyteller ?Unique, dynamic format allows readers to "look over the artist?s shoulder" Graphic novels are changing the face of media. Now The Making of a Graphic Novel is here to explain the creation of a graphic novel in a way that springs organically from the very concept: it includes an entire new 86-page graphic novel by master of the genre Prentis Rollins. The novel is preceded by Rollins? own clear, straightforward text explaining how to conceive, write, and finally draw, ink, and letter a graphic novel. Tasks are broken down into manageable pieces that can be understood even by beginners. The unique process allows readers to look over the shoulder of an artist as he creates?and then to read the final masterwork. The Making of a Graphic Novel is sure to make a sensation among the many admirers of graphic novels, as well as every one who appreciates fine storytelling and fine art.

Dictionary Of The Graphic Arts Industry
$120
Dictionary Of The Graphic Arts Industry

The Medusa Chain: A Graphic Novel (graphic Novel)
$1.43
The Medusa Chain: A Graphic Novel (graphic Novel)

The Graphic Novel
$58.95
Buy and sell [The Graphic Novel] at great prices.

The Tempest:the Graphic Novel
$13.56
The Tempest:the Graphic Novel

My First Graphic Novel
$4.6
My First Graphic Novel

The Tempest:the Graphic Novel
$13.56
The Tempest:the Graphic Novel

Romeo & Juliet The Graphic Novel
$13.56
Romeo & Juliet The Graphic Novel

The Jewish Graphic Novel
$28.08
The Jewish Graphic Novel

The Canterville Ghost the Graphic Novel
$13.56
The Canterville Ghost the Graphic Novel

Teaching The Graphic Novel
$21.34
Teaching The Graphic Novel

The Canterville Ghost the Graphic Novel
$13.56
The Canterville Ghost the Graphic Novel

My First Graphic Novel
$18.33
My First Graphic Novel

The Jewish Graphic Novel
$48.45
The Jewish Graphic Novel

Romeo and Juliet:the Graphic Novel
$13.56
Romeo and Juliet:the Graphic Novel

The Tale of Despereaux The Graphic Novel
$9.29
The Tale of Despereaux The Graphic Novel

Teaching The Graphic Novel
$38.8
Teaching The Graphic Novel

Writing and Illustrating the Graphic Novel
$21.59
Writing and Illustrating the Graphic Novel

The Tempest The Graphic Novel
$11.05
The Tempest The Graphic Novel

Teaching The Graphic Novel
$35.22
Teaching The Graphic Novel

Teaching The Graphic Novel
$19.37
Teaching The Graphic Novel

Romeo And Juliet: The Graphic Novel
$10.32
Romeo And Juliet: The Graphic Novel

Romeo & Juliet The Graphic Novel
$10.32
Romeo & Juliet The Graphic Novel

The Tempest: The Graphic Novel
$10.32
The Tempest: The Graphic Novel

The Tempest: The Graphic Novel
$11.05
The Tempest: The Graphic Novel

The Jewish Graphic Novel
$22.91
The Jewish Graphic Novel

American History: In Graphic Novel
$28.13
American History: In Graphic Novel

Dust: The Complete Graphic Novel
$8.51
Dust: The Complete Graphic Novel

The American Journey: In Graphic Novel
$27.15
The American Journey: In Graphic Novel

World Geography: In Graphic Novel
$27.15
World Geography: In Graphic Novel

World History: In Graphic Novel
$28.13
World History: In Graphic Novel

Civics Today: In Graphic Novel
$27.15
Civics Today: In Graphic Novel

The Mystery Play: A Graphic Novel
$101.26
The Mystery Play: A Graphic Novel

Hexbreaker: A Badger Graphic Novel
$2.56
Hexbreaker: A Badger Graphic Novel

Artemis Fowl. Graphic Novel
$15.99
Artemis Fowl. Graphic Novel

Redwall: The Graphic Novel
$42.95
Redwall: The Graphic Novel

World History: In Graphic Novel
$2.85
World History: In Graphic Novel

Kolchak the Nightstalker Graphic Novel
$28.6
Kolchak the Nightstalker Graphic Novel

Vampire: Nosferatu Graphic Novel
$3.43
Vampire: Nosferatu Graphic Novel

Grey (Viz Graphic Novel)
$1.5
Grey (Viz Graphic Novel)

Grey (viz Graphic Novel)
$3.98
Grey (viz Graphic Novel)

The Mask: Graphic Novel
$6
The Mask: Graphic Novel

Shuriken - The Graphic Novel
$1.79
Shuriken - The Graphic Novel

American History: In Graphic Novel
$1.14
American History: In Graphic Novel

The Probability Broach: The Graphic Novel
$11.68
The Probability Broach: The Graphic Novel

Neuromancer (the Graphic Novel)
$62.94
Neuromancer (the Graphic Novel)

Futurians Graphic Novel 9
$2.89
Futurians Graphic Novel 9

World Geography: In Graphic Novel
$1.79
World Geography: In Graphic Novel

Teaching the Graphic Novel
$19.78
Teaching the Graphic Novel

The Hobbit: Graphic Novel
$4.8
The Hobbit: Graphic Novel

Point Blanc Graphic Novel
$52.95
Point Blanc Graphic Novel

2024: A Graphic Novel
$2.02
2024: A Graphic Novel

Point Blank: The Graphic Novel
$26.95
Point Blank: The Graphic Novel

Sherlock Holmes: A Graphic Novel
$3.27
Sherlock Holmes: A Graphic Novel

Strugglers: A Graphic Novel
$4.02
Strugglers: A Graphic Novel

Teaching the Graphic Novel
$35.71
Teaching the Graphic Novel

The Making of a Graphic Novel: The Resonator, Vol. 3
$2.13
• Author is an established industry insiderbrand a master graphic storytellerbrbrbr• Unique, dynamic format allows readersbrto look over the artist’s shoulderbrbrbr• Sales of graphic novels are boomingbrbrbrGraphic novels are changing the face of media. NowbThe Making of a Graphic Novel/bis here to explain the creation of a graphic novel in a way that springs organically from the very concept: It includes anientire/inew 86-page graphic novel by master of the genre Prentis Rollins. The novel is preceded by Rollins’s own clear, straightforward text explaining how to conceive, write, and finally draw, ink, and letter a graphic novel. Tasks are broken down into manageable pieces that can be understood even by beginners. The unique process allows readers to look over the shoulder of an artist as he creates—and then read the final masterwork.bThe Making of a Graphic Novel/bis sure to make a sensation among the many admirers of graphic novels, as well as everyone who appreciates fine storytelling and fine art.bPrentis Rollins/bhas been a professional comic-book artist and graphic novel artist for more than ten years. His projects have includediJunior League of America/iandiX-Men/i, as well as the animatedbrportion of the hit musicaliAvenue Q/ion Broadway. He lives in New York City.

The Complete Idiot's Guide to Creating a Graphic Novel
$19.9
Tools for creating the next great graphic novel! <br<brWhat do the movies <iMen In Black</i, <iRoad to Perdition</i, <iGhost World</i, and <iX-Men</iall have in common? Each started out as a graphic novel-one of the fastest growing segments of the book publishing industry. Now, here is the first book to provide a comprehensive and detailed look at the process involved in creating a successful graphic novel.Nat Gertler is an acclaimed comic book editor, educator, and graphic novel industry expert. His serialized graphic novel, <iThe Factor</i, was nominated for an Eisner Award, and his publishing imprint, About Comics, has released works by several <iNew York Times</ibestselling authors. He is the author of seven <iComplete Idiot's Guides</ibooks. <br<brSteve Lieber is an award-wining graphic artist who has professionally drawn Conan, Buffy, Superman, Star Trek, and Batman comics. Lieber recently completed work on a sequel to the graphic novel, <iRoad To Perdition</i, which was the source for the 2003 Academy Award-winning film by the same name.

You Can Do a Graphic Novel (Paperback)
$13.43
A syndicated columnist and veteran graphic novelist guides aspiring artists and writers through the process of creating their own graphic novels, including how to create memorable characters and compelling plots, and insider information about the industry. Original.

Blacksad Hardcover Graphic Novel
$29.99
Private investigator John Blacksad is up to his feline ears in mystery, digging into the backstories behind murders, child abductions, and nuclear secrets. Guarnido's sumptuously painted pages and rich cinematic style bring the world of 1950s America to vibrant life, with Canales weaving in fascinating tales of conspiracy, racial tension, and the "red scare" Communist witch hunts of the time. Guarnido reinvents anthropomorphism in these pages, and industry colleagues no less than Will Eisner, Jim Steranko, and Tim Sale are fans! Whether John Blacksad is falling for dangerous women or getting beaten to within an inch of his life, his stories are, simply put, unforgettable. 184 pages.

Opportunities in graphic communications: The printing industry
$9.95
Opportunities in graphic communications: The printing industry

Dictionary Of The Graphic Arts Industry
$346.95
Buy and sell [Dictionary Of The Graphic Arts Industry] at great prices.

PAX A NOVEL OF THE DRUG INDUSTRY
$3.23
PAX A NOVEL OF THE DRUG INDUSTRY

The Jewish Graphic Novel
$32.68
Buy and sell [The Jewish Graphic Novel] at great prices.

The Rise Of The Graphic Novel
$5.44
Buy and sell [The Rise Of The Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Creating A Graphic Novel
$10.13
Buy and sell [Creating A Graphic Novel] at great prices.

The Making Of A Graphic Novel
$4.94
Buy and sell [The Making Of A Graphic Novel] at great prices.

W.I.T.C.H. Graphic Novel
$2.93
Buy and sell [W.I.T.C.H. Graphic Novel] at great prices.

W.I.T.C.H. Graphic Novel
$5.51
Buy and sell [W.I.T.C.H. Graphic Novel] at great prices.

The Halo Graphic Novel
$12.1
Buy and sell [The Halo Graphic Novel] at great prices.

The Complete Idiot's Guide to Creating a Graphic Novel (The Complete Idiot's Guide)
$15.48
Tools for creating the next great graphic novel! What do the movies Men In Black, Road to Perdition, Ghost World, and X-Men all have in common? Each started out as a graphic novel-one of the fastest growing segments of the book publishing industry. Now, here is the first book to provide a comprehensive and detailed look at the process involved in creating a successful graphic novel.

Disney Fairies Graphic Novel, 1
$9.74
Disney Fairies Graphic Novel, 1

Write Your Own Graphic Novel
$6.46
Write Your Own Graphic Novel

Write Your Own Graphic Novel
$28.65
Write Your Own Graphic Novel

The Graphic Novel Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
$147.06
The Graphic Novel Adventures of Sherlock Holmes

You Can Do A Graphic Novel
$15.96
You Can Do A Graphic Novel

The Boxcar Children Graphic Novel 14
$5.99
The Boxcar Children Graphic Novel 14

The Boxcar Children Graphic Novel 15
$5.99
The Boxcar Children Graphic Novel 15

The Boxcar Children Graphic Novel 13
$5.99
The Boxcar Children Graphic Novel 13

Journey Across Time: In Graphic Novel
$27.15
Journey Across Time: In Graphic Novel

Exploring Our World: In Graphic Novel
$27.15
Exploring Our World: In Graphic Novel

Surfing the Conscious Nets: A Graphic Novel
$1.64
Surfing the Conscious Nets: A Graphic Novel

Last of the dragons (Epic Graphic novel)
$3.19
Last of the dragons (Epic Graphic novel)

Shygirl #1: A Cinematic Graphic Novel
$10.87
Shygirl #1: A Cinematic Graphic Novel

Star Raiders Graphic Novel #1
$1.2
Star Raiders Graphic Novel #1

Willow (Marvel Graphic Novel/Lucasfilm)
$25.14
Willow (Marvel Graphic Novel/Lucasfilm)

The Alien Legion (marvel Graphic Novel)
$27
The Alien Legion (marvel Graphic Novel)

Shygirl #2: A Cinematic Graphic Novel
$2.18
Shygirl #2: A Cinematic Graphic Novel

Robotech The Graphic Novel: Genesis: Robotech
$3
Robotech The Graphic Novel: Genesis: Robotech

The Best of Ray Bradbury: The Graphic Novel
$14.56
The Best of Ray Bradbury: The Graphic Novel

Spider-Man ([marvel Graphic Novel])
$5.97
Spider-Man ([marvel Graphic Novel])

Time Beavers (first Graphic Novel)
$1.99
Time Beavers (first Graphic Novel)

Alex Rider: Stormbreaker: The Graphic Novel
$26.95
Alex Rider: Stormbreaker: The Graphic Novel

Super boxers (Marvel graphic novel)
$9.94
Super boxers (Marvel graphic novel)

A Sailor's Story (marvel Graphic Novel)
$21
A Sailor's Story (marvel Graphic Novel)

Torso: A True Crime Graphic Novel
$31.48
Torso: A True Crime Graphic Novel

Silverfin: The Graphic Novel (young Bond)
$11.97
Silverfin: The Graphic Novel (young Bond)

Exploring Our World: In Graphic Novel
$28.57
Exploring Our World: In Graphic Novel

Me And Joe Priest (graphic Novel)
$1.72
Me And Joe Priest (graphic Novel)

Steven Brust's Jhereg - The Graphic Novel
$7.77
Steven Brust's Jhereg - The Graphic Novel

Robert E. Howard Chronicles Hardcover Graphic Novel
$54.99
Robert E. Howard Chronicles Hardcover Graphic Novel. For the first time, Robert E. Howard's most-celebrated creations are together in one handsome collection! Experience all of Howard's most exciting tales as told by the industry's finest creators -- including Roy Thomas, Barry Windsor-Smith, Howard Chaykin, Mike Mignola, the Severins, and more! Featuring the latest in coloring technology, the remastered comics are a perfect introduction to the Robert E. Howard universe and a refreshing refurbishment of these timeless yarns for the collector who already owns the classic comics from the '70s and '80s! 584 pages.

Great Expectations Graphic Novel
$10.38
Buy and sell [Great Expectations Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Artemis Fowl: The Graphic Novel
$8.25
Buy and sell [Artemis Fowl: The Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Artemis Fowl (The Graphic Novel)
$5.48
Buy and sell [Artemis Fowl (The Graphic Novel)] at great prices.

Earthboy Jacobus Graphic Novel
$9.53
Buy and sell [Earthboy Jacobus Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Tribulation Force Graphic Novel (Book 2, Volume 2)
$3.48
Created by leading names in the graphic novel industry, Left Behind graphic novels are an entirely new and exciting format for Christian product. Not the comic books you remember, these graphic novels communicate in a new way to anyone age 12-25. Tribulation Force is the second book in the Left Behind graphic novel series. In five volumes, Rayford Steele, Buck Williams, Bruce Barnes, and Chloe Steele band together to form the Tribulation Force. Their task is clear, and their goal is nothing less than standing against the enemies of God during the seven most chaotic years the planet has ever seen. Each volume is a high-quality, 48-page, full-color installment based on the series' best-selling second novel, Tribulation Force.

The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels
$11.55
The ultimate companion to the expanding world of the literary comic book is written by comic industry insider Fingeroth and includes the medium''s history, from sequential art in Egyptian tombs, through the superhero boom of the 1940s to the birth of the graphic novel movement and the latest online offerings.Rough Guides

W.I.T.C.H. Graphic Novel
$3.98
In the GRAPHIC NOVEL #1 the five friends discover their destinies and the power of their friendship in 128 pages of original 4-color comics.

W.I.T.C.H. Graphic Novel #2
$6.98
In the GRAPHIC NOVEL #2 the Guardians of the Veil learn to control their new powers and travel to Metamoor for the first time.

Wallace and Gromit Graphic Novel
$3.98
Wallace and Gromit Graphic Novel : A Grand Day Out by Nick Park Published in 1999 by Penguin Character Books Ltd

Daniel X: Alien Hunter: A Graphic Novel
$4.72
With an exciting new Patterson narrative in a graphic novel format, Daniel X continues his quest in a full-color, action-packed adventure!BRBRLong ago, after his parents' brutal murder, Daniel inherited the coveted List of Alien Outlaws and assumed his father's role as Alien Hunter. With his supreme abilities, like being able to shape-shift and conjure up long-dead family members out of thin air, Daniel is ready to take on the scum of the universe.BRBRNumber 7 on the list--grand-master of an interplanetary game of destruction that could result in the eventual take-over of earth--is his next target. In a journey that takes him through the bowels ofST1:PLACE w:st=onST1:CITY w:st=onTokyo/ST1:CITY/ST1:PLACEand into other realms, Daniel ingeniously tracks the insectile mastermind. But when #7 reveals his true and terrifying powers, Daniel must enlist the help of #7's own son before he finds himself at the center of the most high-stakes game yet.James Patterson is the #1EMNew York Times/EMbestselling author of many books, including the blockbuster series Maximum Ride. More than 140 million of his books have been sold around the world, making him one of the top-selling writers of all time.BRBRLeopoldo Gout has extensively written, directed, and produced media--from film and animation projects to novels and contemporary art--for organizations worldwide. He lives in New York City.BRBRKlaus Lyngeled is a Swedish illustrator and artist who has worked with games, film and comics for over 15 years on games like Enter The Matrix and Wild9.BRBRJon Girin, born in Lyon, France, has worked in comics, graphic design and illustration. He has also worked for the French video game industry, illustrating and designing characters for games such as Parabellum.Fans of Maximum Ride will love Patterson's next young adult series!BR/BR/Raves for the Maximum Ride series include:BRBR*#1EMNew York Times/EMbestsellerBRBR*EMPublishers Week@áG®záÿ¾Úx

Labyrinth: A Novel about the Software Industry
$19.85
Labyrinth: A Novel about the Software Industry

The Making of a Graphic Novel/ The Resonator
$12.73
Graphic novels are changing the face of media. Now The Making of a Graphic Novel is here to explain the creation of a graphic novel in a way that springs organically from the very concept: It includes an entire new 86-page graphic novel by master of the genre Prentis Rollins. The novel is preceded by Rollins's own clear, straightforward text explaining how to conceive, write, and finally draw, ink, and letter a graphic novel. Tasks are broken down into manageable pieces that can be understood even by beginners. The unique process allows readers to look over the shoulder of an artist as he creates--and then read the final masterwork. The Making of a Graphic Novel is sure to make a sensation among the many admirers of graphic novels, as well as everyone who appreciates fine storytelling and fine art.

Create Your own Graphic Novel Using Digital Techniques
$18.98
The graphic novel, which evolved from comic books, is now one of the publishing industry?s fastest-growing media. Meanwhile, the pen, ink, and drawing-board method traditionally used by artists and writers to create graphic novels, is now being superceded by digital illustration and lettering. Perhaps even more revolutionary is the fact that the internet is starting to replace traditional book publishers as an important outlet for distributing graphic novels. From first inspiration to publication, this book teaches budding graphic novelists how and where to translate their drawing and storytelling talents into digitally-realized art. In easy-to-follow steps, the authors demonstrate? How to ink and color illustrations using computer software How to create dialogue balloons and fill them with visually satisfying type fonts How to develop a story line and give dimension to the story?s characters How to get a finished graphic novel noticed and published BR> Approximately 350 dramatic and instructive color illustrations complement the text.

Call of the Wild (Graphic Novel Classics)
$18.48
Call of the Wild (Graphic Novel Classics) by Jack London Published in 2006 by Spotlight

Surfing The Conscious Nets: A Graphic Novel
$9.03
Buy and sell [Surfing The Conscious Nets: A Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Create Your Own Graphic Novel
$9.35
Buy and sell [Create Your Own Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Dead Man's Shoes : Graphic Novel
$15.6
Buy and sell [Dead Man's Shoes : Graphic Novel] at great prices.

World Of Warcraft 1 (Graphic Novel)
$8.89
Buy and sell [World Of Warcraft 1 (Graphic Novel)] at great prices.

The Curse Of The Were-Rabbit Graphic Novel
$3.1
Buy and sell [The Curse Of The Were-Rabbit Graphic Novel] at great prices.

Point Blank: The Graphic Novel
$4.74
The Alex Rider Adventures are #1 bestsellers the world over, and following in the footsteps of the graphic novel adaptation of Stormbreaker comes the second book in this phenomenal series. Like Stormbreaker: The Graphic Novel, this edition features bold, edgy, manga-like illustrations that make the graphic novel form so immensely popular, and brings the young spy to life in a whole new way. For existing fans of Alex Rider, this will be a must-have; for those yet to discover the series, this will be the perfect introduction.Featuring bold, edgy, manga-like illustrations that make the graphic novel form so immensely popular, this second Alex Rider adventure brings the young spy to life in a whole new way. Full color.

Coraline Graphic Novel
$14.65
This adaptation of Neil Gaiman's novel reads as though it were intended for the graphic novel format in the first place.. Russell's illustrations suit the tone of the story perfectly.A virtuoso adaptation.a master of fantastical landscapes, Russell sharpens the realism of his imagery, preserving the humanity of the characters and heightening the horror, even as Gaiman's concise storytelling ratchets up the eeriness.A deliciously dark graphic adaptation of Gaiman's modern classic...sure to delight established fans and to mesmerize newcomers.This graphic novel is as dark, creepy, and brilliant as anything out there.

The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels
$18.99
Not just an ordinary comic book! Timeline for the artform of graphic novels! All you need to know! The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels is the ultimate companion to the expanding world of the "literary comic book." Written by industry insider Danny Fingeroth, it includes: The History: The story of the comics medium, from sequential art in Egyptian tombs, through the superhero boom of the 1940s to the birth of the graphic novel movement and the latest online offerings. The Canon: 60 must-read graphic novels, including the genre-defining Maus and A contract with God, plus modern classics-in-the-making Fun Home and Alice in Southerland. The Icons: Profiles of legends Harvey Pekar, Chris Ware, Denis Kitchen and other amazing illustrators, writers and publishers who've helped win respect for this once marginalized art form. And Everything Else You Need to Know: Film and television adaptations, manga, conventions, books, magazine and websites.

The Monster Piano (Graphic Trax)
$7.48
Written in graphic novel format.

Graphic America: The Revolution In Industry
$5.63
Steamships, locomotives, and the airplane - these machines revolutionised the world. The Revolution in Industry takes a look at how these and other machines changed history.

Treasure Island: The Graphic Novel (graphic Novel Classics)
$12.52
When Jim Hawkins uncovers the key to a pirates treasure map he sets out on a quest to find the buried treasure with the help of pirate captain Long John Silver. Artist Tim Hamilton brings the pirates and villains to life in this graphic novel adaptation of Robert Louis Stevensons classic.